Polarization: What do we know about it and what can we do to combat it?

Dr. Fernando Casal Bértoa^[1]

A specter is haunting Europe, the specter of polarization. In the last decade vote for anti-political-establishment parties, being them populist, radical and/or extreme has exponentially increased. And with it the distance between political parties and the irreconcilable differences (either ideological, personalistic or both) among voters.

[1] Associate Professor at the University of Nottingham and co-director of the Research Centre for the Study of Parties and Democracy (REPRESENT).